Defense of Emesa & Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia įurther information: Iyad ibn Ghanm and Siege of Emesa (638) A map of al-Jazira region (Upper Mesopotamia) in the 8th century. The Byzantine forces were decisively defeated in Battle of Yarmouk in August 636, while in the Iraqi theater the Persian army was defeated in the Battle of Qadisiyyah three months later in November 636. This rendered the alliance weak and a would-be decisive plan was aborted. Ĭaliph Umar successfully confronted the alliance by putting pressure the on Byzantines and using deception against the Persians, while engaging Yazdegerd III in negotiations. The Rashidun caliphate dealt the Byzantines crushing defeats at the battles of Ajnadayn and Fahl These significantly reduced the capacity of Byzantine army to operate in southern Syria, and according to historian Ross Burns the massive losses from these battles practically wiped out the "southern Damascus shield", the Imperial forces which protected the southern Syria. A plan was agreed to launch a massive counterattack against Muslims in Iraq and Syria at once to force them to retreat back to Arabia where they could be dealt with later, either through invasion or by economic blockade. In the year 635, Emperor Heraclius allied with Sassanid Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III on Yazdegerd III's request to crush the Muslim power. Muslim forces invaded the neighboring Eastern Roman Empire in 634 soon after Conquest of Iraq in 633 during the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr.ĭamascus fell in September 634 and Emesa fell in March 635. Main articles: Muslim conquest of Syria and Muslim conquest of Armenia Map detailing Rashidun Caliphate's invasion of the Levant.
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